"Tripping" to the Iron Curtain

Starting in October 1954, and for the next seven years, "leaders of American thought and life" were flown to Europe to visit Radio Free Europe (RFE) locations in Germany and Portugal, the Czechoslovak-German border, and the cities of Berlin and Paris. This was in conjunction with the domestic fund raising activities of the Crusade for Freedom in support of RFE. Those who participated in these “study tours” were given the nickname “Trippers” and were expected to brief their respective state and local Crusade chapters, and other national organizations, on “Radio Free Europe’s role in the fight against Communist propaganda.” Below we briefly will look at the first of these trips, which took place October 20 – 29, 1954, when seventy-two “Trippers,” made a whirlwind trip to Europe. 

The group included Crusade for Freedom state chairmen and national organizations representatives, including the National Council for Catholic Women, Disabled American Veterans, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Campfire Girls and the Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) 

The American Heritage Foundation, with Henry Ford II as Chairman, was the sponsor of the Crusade for Freedom campaign. Thomas D’A. Brophy, president of the American Heritage Foundation sent a letter, to each “Tripper”, in which he wrote,

We are confident that Radio Free Europe will inspire you, as it did us, and that you will feel impelled, as we did, to communicate your enthusiasm with others.

When you return, I think you will agree that supporting this vital undertaking will help better the chances for peace, prosperity and well being for all America and the Free World.

Prior to their departure, they were hosted at a buffet dinner in the Keystone Room of the Hotel Statler in New York City, with Thomas D’A. Brophy as the keynote speaker.

           

The flight time from New York to Munich was 19 hours on a chartered Pan American DC 6B airplane—The Yankee Clipper. The first night in Munich included a two-hour buffet reception at the American Consulate. The next morning the Trippers went on a two-hour tour of RFE's headquarters building. In the afternoon, they were individually photographed sitting in front of a microphone marked RFE and making a short statement for broadcasting to RFE’s target countries (Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and Romania). 

           

On Saturday afternoon, they visited the Radio Free Europe transmitting site outside Munich at Holzkirchen and later that day the large RFE monitoring station at Schleissheim, north of Munich.  

Sunday was an all-day tour by car to the German-Czechoslovak border for a personal look at the Iron Curtain, followed by a visit to the one of Free Europe Press balloon launching sites, where they lofted helium-filled balloons containing propaganda leaflets. 

           

On Monday they finished the tape recording of broadcast messages, signed Freedom Scrolls and flew to Berlin, where they met the Mayor of Berlin, Ernst Reuter, and saw the Freedom Bell in Schoenberg City Hall. On Tuesday, they were briefed by the Commanding General at the headquarters of the U.S. High Commissioner as well as a staff member of the Eastern Section of Radio in the American Sector (RIAS). In the afternoon, they went on a bus tour of the Soviet Sector of Berlin. 

           

The “Trippers” flew to Paris, where General Alfred Gruenther and other officers at Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers in Europe (SHAPE) briefed them.  After a sightseeing trip of Paris, they flew back to New York to begin the domestic phase of their support for Radio Free Europe by making public appearances and giving media interviews about their experience in Europe. 

A striking example of individual post-Study trip activity is that of Edwin (Ed) L. Haislet, who was Minnesota co-state chairman of the Crusade for Freedom and executive secretary of the University of Minnesota Alumni Association. The February 1955 issue of Minnesota Alumni Voice on “Freedom and Democracy” was dedicated to the Crusade for Freedom. The feature article was “I pierced the Iron Curtain” by Ed Haislet, in which he detailed his experiences in Europe. The article including a photograph of him, standing under the Freedom Bell in Berlin, at the Czech-German border as well as his sending of a balloon over the Iron Curtain. Haislet wrote,

The people of the United States, by supporting Radio Free Europe, are fulfilling their own obligation to decency, proving to their own belief in the essential dignity of the individual human being, the fundamental equality of all men and their inalienable rights to freedom justice and a fair opportunity.

A 14 ½ minute film about trip "How Your Truth Dollars Fight for Freedom" was was distributed to over 200 television stations in the Untied States and use at 1955 Crusade campaign meetings. Here is the beginning of the film.

Although fund raising for Radio Free Europe under the Crusade for Freedom name ceased in 1960, the "study trips" continued under sponsorship of the Radio Free Europe Fund.

My book has details of other "study trips" sponsored by the Crusade for Freedom.

         

Preparing for the Tango in Munich

In The Last Tango in Munich, we saw the results of the bombing of Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 30 years ago on February 21, 1981. Below we wlll look at months of preparations leading up to the bombing.

A top-secret summary report on October 3, 1980 by Department III/II-8 of the Hungarian Interior Ministry, based on monitored telephone calls between the terrorist "Carlos the Jackal" in Budapest and his Romanian intelligence service contact Sergiu Nica in Bucharest, identified RFE/RL Romanian Service employee Emil Georgescu, Romanian King-in-Exile Michael, Paul Goma, and other émigrés as targets for Carlos. The attack on Emil Georgescu was supposed to be accomplished by an attack on the Romanian Section of Radio Free Europe and then, possibly, the terrorists would take “secret” documents from the building.

In addition, Carlos received the assignment of bombing RFE/RL in Munich and break in or destroy the monitoring station outside Munich in Schleissheim and obtain “secret” documents that were stored there. In return, the Romanians gave Carlos thirty-four Italian, German, French, and Austrian passports, plus Romanian diplomatic passports for Carlos, Johannes Weinrich ("Steve"), and Magdalena Kopp.

There was another planning session in Budapest, apparently on October 14, 1980, when the terrorists discussed existing surveillance reports that detailed how the RFE/RL building appeared Saturday night. Someone, obvious from the discussion, had already observed the RFE/RL headquarters building at 9 PM and 1 AM. The surveillance report showed that about forty percent of the rooms had lights on, and the observer estimated that twenty percent of the employees worked at 9 PM. When the bomb exploded Saturday night at 9:50 PM, only forty employees were in the building, out of a staff of almost one thousand. Their surveillance report, obviously, was wrong in the estimated numbers of employees.

Carlos decided that his team would go to Munich in November and wait for the explosives, weapons and other logistics necessary to carry out the attack. Further surveillance also would be required.

On December 19, 1980 in Budapest, Hungary, Carlos and German terrorist Johannes Weinrich had a heated discussion about the bombing of RFE/R--their conversation was covertly monitored and recorded by the Hungarian Intelligence Service. Carlos said he wanted to do it Christmas Eve or on Christmas day as no one would expect a bomb attack on those days. Weinrich agreed in principle, but said that they were not ready, as they did not have the cars they required, and Carlos suggested New Year’s Eve.

Weinrich then told Carlos that, when he and the Swiss terrorist Bruno Breguet ("Luca") were doing surveillance of RFE/RL earlier that month, he stopped to urinate against one of the trees on the RFE/RL grounds. Two guards were walking in his direction and saw him, but they did not say anything and kept going. He noticed that one had a bunch of keys in one hand and a flashlight in the other. Because he had been seen, Weinrich told Carlos he needed a new coat or the same guard might recognize him when they returned to bomb the building. Weinrich added that he preferred not to shoot the guard first. Carlos asked: “Why not?” Weinrich answered that this would draw unnecessary attention to them, and that the Christmas tree in front of the building blocked the guard’s view. Carlos told Weinrich that even if the bomb were discovered before it exploded, if anyone then tried to move it, it would explode, and the “CIA would see just how professional their work was.”

The original time for the bombing was scheduled to be 22:15. Weinrich told Carlos that he had plotted out that he and Bruno Breguet would need 12 minutes to get to the train station and head off from Munich in different directions. If they were discovered on the train, they would have alibis. Breguet would take the train to Nuremberg, where he would change to a train that would arrive from Switzerland on the way to Berlin. He would exchange tickets with a helper who was on that train, and Breguet would than continue to Berlin as if he had been on that train the whole time. Carlos told him that this was a great idea.

Carlos went to Bucharest on January 30, 1981 and remained there until February 3, 1981. Taking advantage of the terrorists’ absence, Hungarian counterintelligence officers entered Carlos’s apartment on January 31, 1981 and discovered newly brought documentation about the bomb preparation. Included in the documentation that had been brought to Budapest by the ETA terrorist Luc Edgar Groven (“Eric”), the documents included exact sketches of RFE/RL’s headquarters and other locations in Germany. Although it was not clear from this documentation, when the bombing would take place.

Carlos set February 14, 1981, Valentine’s Day, as the date for the bombing. However, ETA could not provide the necessary vehicles for the February 14th bombing, and the attack was postponed for one week. Carlos called “Andrei” in Bucharest on February 13, 1980,and in guarded terms told him that there was a delay in “Steve’s” activities: “Steve cannot travel to Bucharest this weekend but will travel a few days later”.

On February 19, 1981, Weinrich telephoned Carlos and told him in surreptitious terms that the bombing would now take place before Sunday—he was having bank transfer problems but that should be resolved by Sunday morning- The next morning Carlos called Nica and said, “Steve will come to Bucharest Sunday morning.  He will telephone at 10 AM with the exact time”.

Two members of the Basque terrorist group ETA Politico-militar drove two vehicles from Marseille, France, to Munich, for use in the bombing. One of the them was a white 1968 Ford, with a license plate stolen in Strasbourg, France on February 20, 1981.

On Saturday night, February 21, 1981, the temperature was below freezing in Munich. Snow covered the grounds around the sprawling two-story building. All evidence points to four members of Carlos’s group physically involved in the bombing:

·      Johannes Weinrich

·      Bruno Breguet 

·      Jose Maria Larretxea (Larrechia-Goni in Spanish) (“Chepe”) from the Basque terrorist group ETA PM

·      A yet unidentified woman (“Secretary”) from ETA PM

Just above the area where the terrorists placed the bomb, three employees of RFE’s Czech Language Service were busily preparing a news program scheduled for 10PM that was never aired. At 9:50 PM, one employee picked up the ringing telephone and said. “Hello.” No one answered. The employee tried again, “Hello.” The room suddenly exploded into rubble. The time was later confirmed by a German agency used to monitor earthquakes; the bombing was so powerful it registered on the equipment.

A section of RFE/RL's headquarters building was in shambles as the Basque terrorists sped away in their cars across the bridge over the Isar River. 

The two Basque terrorists stopped about 300 yards from the damaged building and changed cars. They left behind the 1968 white Ford.

Six months later, Munich police towed the car as abandoned. When they opened the trunk, they discovered five Soviet-made Koveshnikov F-1 hand grenades. These grenades were of the same type used by Carlos in the 1970s in Paris.

Breguet made his way to Berlin via a train from Munich through Nuremberg, where he switched trains and was given a ticket purchased in Switzerland to give him an alibi at the time of the bombing. The German terrorist Johannes Weinrich took a train to Switzerland, and the two ETA members also left Germany in one of the stolen cars. Months of careful preparation in Budapest, Hungary, had paid off.

Jose Maria Larretxea died in Cuba on February 29, 1996.

Photographs of "Steve," "Luca" and "Chepe," with notations, are taken from a copy of Johannes Weinrich's notebook filed with the German prosecutor.